December 26. St Stephen's Day 2019

December 27, Christmas Day 3

December 26, St. Stephen’s Day

This is the one day of the year when we should all hear the carol about the Bohemian king Wenceslas (who was a 10^th-century duke of Bohemia) who braved the bitter winter weather and snow to distribute alms to the poor. The carol was written by the hymn writer that should be familiar to all Episcopalians since there are so many of his hymns and translations of hymns which appear in the 1982 Hymnal.  John Mason Neale wrote the lyrics before 1853 and they were set to “Tempus adest floridum” that was first published in the 1582 collections of songs, Piae Cantiones.

            

Good King Wenceslas looked out, on the Feast of Stephen,

When the snow lay round about, deep and crisp and even;

Brightly shone the moon that night, tho' the frost was cruel,

When a poor man came in sight, gath'ring winter fuel.         

The last two lines:

            Therefore, Christian men, be sure, wealth or rank possessing,

Ye who now will bless the poor, shall yourselves find blessing.

I had many errands to do yesterday, and never once did I hear the carol, though it was played often before Christmas Day.

St. Stephen

The story of Saint Stephen is written in the Acts of the Apostles 6.1-8.2.  He probably lived from 5-34 BCE. Though Stephen is a Greek name, he was Jewish given his lengthy speech to the Sanhedrin defending himself and outlining how Jesus fulfilled the Law, not subvert it. The Apostles gained so many converts, Jews and Greek-speaking Jews, that they were failing in their duty to care for the poor, especially widows of the Greek-speaking converts. The Acts of the Apostles states that the Hellenists (Greek-speaking Jews) complained that their widows were being slighted in favor of the Hebrew/Aramaic speaking widows. The Apostles decided to delegate what they saw as a burdensome, less worthy duty to deacons so that the Apostles could continue their preaching. 

The Apostles laid hands upon, ordained, seven deacons, of which Stephen was the first. Stephen was a very zealous and effective preacher and teacher among the Greek-speaking Jews especially in the three synagogues of the Freemen, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians.  It is not known which group of freed Jewish slaves and their descendants that comprised the Freemen. The most likely group were the Jews who were taken as slaves by General Pompey when he conquered Judea in 63 BCE who had returned to Judea.  Cyrene was a Greek-speaking town in what is now Libya. Alexandria is in Egypt. The Jews in these synagogues were exceedingly angry with Stephen. They hauled him before the Sanhedrin. They claimed that Stephen’s teachings were blasphemous against Moses and God. The trial was not completed before the inflamed mob grabbed Stephen and stoned him to death. Stephen was the first martyr to the faith that did not even have the name Christian yet.

I think there are two points in Stephen’s summary of the history of the Jews from Abraham that cause the rage of the mob to become murderous. First, he quoted Isaiah 66.1 against the Temple in Jerusalem. Acts 7.48. “Yet the Most High does not dwell in houses made by human hands; as the prophet says,”

Isaiah 66.1. Thus says the Lord: Heaven is my throne and the earth is my footstool;

what is the house that you would build for me, and what is my resting place?

Then Stephen immediately called his listeners. Acts 7.51-52a “‘You stiff-necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you are for ever opposing the Holy Spirit, just as your ancestors used to do.  Which of the prophets did your ancestors not persecute?’”

Saul of Tarsus witnessed Stephen’s stoning death. After Stephen’s death, his body was buried by “Godly men” who deeply mourned his death. No place of death or burial is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.

The Feast of St. Stephen on December 26^th is from a wholly different story, and that is the finding of the bones of St. Stephen.  In 415 CE, a priest named Lucian supposedly dreamt of the locations of Stephen’s bones at Beit Jimal, an ancient small town west of Jerusalem. The relics were taken in procession to the Church of Hagia Sion on 26 December 415. Thus, the Feast of St. Stephen is the day his relics were carried (translated) to the Church of Hagia Sion, a Byzantine church built on Mount Zion. This church built by Emperor Constantine was destroyed during the Persian or Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem in 614. Stephen’s bones did not find rest but were moved several more times and distributed to many places before being taken to Rome by Pope Pelagius II (pope from 579-590). They were entombed with those of St. Lawrence in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. The Golden Legend tells that the body of St. Law(u)rence rolled over so that there was enough room in the sepulcher to place the bones of St. Stephen.

There are a sizeable number of stained-glass windows retelling the story of the life of Stephen as told in the Acts of the Apostles as well as later events including the finding of his bones in the 5th century.

Photos credits. All photos are from Painton Cowen. 

Stephen entrusted with his mission. Laon Cathedral east window c.1210-1215. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Laon/images/w1-01-576A2181.JPG

Stephen preaching. Sens Cathedral. window 102 1230-1240. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Sens/Images/w102-A1-DSCN4184.JPG

The listeners to the preaching. Sens Cathedral. window 102 [Note the Jews’ hats] http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Sens/Images/w102-B1-DSCN4186.JPG

Stephen is denounced. Sens Cathedral. window 102. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Sens/Images/w102-A2-DSCN4183.JPG

Stephen is imprisoned. Sens Cathedral window 102.  http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Sens/Images/w102-B2-DSCN4187.JPG

Stephen before the High Priest. Normandy 1230-1240 now in Victoria & Albert. 

Museum no. C.20-1980 [(PW) 2003]

Stephen before the Sanhedrin. Laon Cathedral. East window 1210-1215.  http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Laon/images/w1-03-576A2184.JPG

Stephen before the Sanhedrin. Chartres Cathedral. window 13. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-6-CAN_1879.JPG

Stephen led out to be stoned. Chartres window 13. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-8-CAN_1887.JPG

Stephen led out to be stoned. Laon Cathedral. East window. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Laon/images/w1-04-576A2183.JPG

The stoning of St. Stephen appears in so many windows that I chose only two.

The stoning of Stephen. Bourges Cathedral. window 10. c.1210-1215. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Bourges/images/w10-9-576A2439.JPG

The stoning of Stephen. Chartres Cathedral window 13. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-10-IMG_10670.JPG

Saul, seated, is given a garment from Stephen after the stoning. Sens Cathedral

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Sens/Images/w102-A3-DSCN4182.JPG

Stephen is buried. Chartres Cathedral. 13th century. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-11-CAN_1881.JPG

 

The priest Lucian leads Bishop John to the relics of Stephen. Auxerre Cathedral. 13the century.

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w16-1-IMG_9583.JPG

The relics are reburied with dignity and a healing rain falls on December 26, 415 CE.  Bourges Cathedral. Window 15. 1210-1215. 

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Bourges/images/w15_8-30949.jpg

I have made no attempt to include all the different windows about the miracles associated with the relics of St. Stephen, many of which are included in the Legenda Aurea. Bishop Augustine of Hippo included miracles associated with St. Stephen in the City of God, Book XXII, Chapter VIII. Of Miracles Which Were Wrought that the World Might Believe in Christ, and Which Have Not Ceased Since the World Believed. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/augustine-cityofgod-22-9-10.asp

As I wrote above the relics of Stephen were moved several times including within the area of Jerusalem, Jerusalem to Constantinople and then to Rome.  There is a set of six windows telling the story of the removal of the shrine of Stephen's relics from Jerusalem to Constantinople in the Cathedral of Our Lady, Chartres.

The shrine of St. Stephen is put aboard a boat.  Chartres window 13.  http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-15_10086.jpg

The devil lets loose a storm. http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-18-CAN_1902.JPG

The boat arrives safely thought the devil is still lurking above. 

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-19-CAN_1905.JPG

A crowd of the sick and infirm welcome the arrival of the boat with the relics of St, Stephen with their apparent miraculous ability to cure.

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-20-CAN_1897.JPG

The relics are removed from the boat. 

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-21-CAN_1904.JPG

The reception of the relics at Constantinople.

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-22-CAN_1899.JPG

   

Orders were given to transfer the relics of St. Stephen from Constantinople to Rome in order to save the Emperor Valentinian II's daughter Eudoxia. Bourges Cathedral. Window 15, panels 17 and 18.

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Bourges/images/w15_17-30962b.jpg
http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Bourges/images/w15_18-30955b.jpg


The remains of St. Stephen moved to Rome.
Bourges Cathedral. window 15, panel 19.
http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Bourges/images/w15_19-30954.jpg

The top panel of the St. Stephen window at Chartres Cathedral, window 13 shows two angels carrying the soul of Stephen to heaven.  This ends this blog for today.

Stephen's soul carried to heaven by angels. Chartres Cathedral. window 13, top panel.

http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Chartres/images/w13-23_10076.jpg

Cathedral St.Etienne or Cathedral of St. Stephen, Auxerre, Burgundy

 The town of Auxerre in the region of Burgundy is dominated by the Cathedral of St. Stephen

<http://www.burgundytoday.com/towns/images/DSC01382.JPG>

West front of the Cathedral of St. Stephen

<http://mappinggothic.org/archmap/media/buildings/001000/1084/images/300/1084_00074_w.jpg>

 Nave of the Cathedral of St. Stephen looking east

<http://mappinggothic.org/archmap/media/buildings/001000/1084/images/300/1084_00167_w.jpg>

The axial chapel, Chapel of the Virgin (Chapelle de la Vierge) formerly the Chapel of St. Alexander, is rectangular.  The Jesse Tree window (Window #1) is on the left.  The center window of the chapel was made in 1879, and the window on the right is the Legend of Theophilus.  Both 13th century windows date to about 1225-1240 with 19th century restoration.

<http://mappinggothic.org/archmap/media/buildings/001000/1084/images/300/1084_00156_w.jpg>

     The Cathedrale Saint-Etienne or the Cathedral of St. Stephen in Auxerre was built upon an earlier Romanesque church.  The Romanesque church was built on the site of even earlier Christian churches.  Auxerre is part of the diocese of Sens that had a Gothic church with a similar rectangular eastern chapel built some years before Auxerre.  Sens has a Jesse stained glass window that dates to the second half of  the production of Jesse Tree windows, and thus will be discussed later.  Auxerre has two Jesse Tree windows.  The first dates from the 13th century and the second from the first quarter of the 16th century.  The older 13th century Jesse Tree window in the axial chapel is the only one discussed now.

    Auxerre is part of the Burgundy (Bourgogne) region that was the autonomous region of the Duchy of Burgundy for much of the Middle Ages.  For the whole period, the Duchy of Burgundy was not part of the French crown lands.  It was annexed in 1477.

   The Gothic rebuilding of Auxerre Cathedral began about 1215. Two Romanesque towers collapsed in 1217, and this resulted in a complete rebuilding campaign in the Gothic style on the older Romanesque crypt.  The chevet that included the eastern axial chapel was completed about 1240. (Chevet is the semicircular east end of a typically French Gothic church that extends beyond the choir and includes an ambulatory and radiating chapels.) This chapel was originally dedicated to Saint-Alexandre until 1783. After the Revolution, it was rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The dates for building the chevet help to date the Jesse Tree window in the rectangular chapel to about 1225-1240. 

       Construction on the cathedral continued intermittently. There were periods when construction stopped such as the famine period of 1315.  Building began again in earnest in the 1340s.  The dedication of chapels off the nave of the church confirm that the nave was being built in the 1350s.  The building of the cathedral seems to have been impacted more by the Hundred Years than the Black Death of 1348-1350. Work did not commence again until the late 14th and into the 15th century.  The upper north tower of the west end facade was not complete until 1543.  The south tower was never built.  The cathedral was extensively restored in 19th century.  

     The Chapel of the Virgin, formerly the Chapel of Saint-Alexandre, was a mortuary chapel for the Counts of Chastellux from 1483 onward.  After Claude de Beauvoir de Chastellux died in 1453, he was reinterred in the Chapel Saint-Alexandre in 1483.  Other family members were then buried there.  The tomb was damaged during the French Revolution.  Cesar Laurent, Comte de Chastellux undertook the restoration of the tomb in 1822. 

      The Cathedral at Auxerre suffered mostly man-made disasters, especially damage during war, rebellion, and periods of iconoclasm.  The Huguenot captured the town in 1559.  Repairs to the damage were undertaken in the 1570s and 1580s. The  cathedral was remodeled in the 18th century.  More restoration was done from 1866-1875.  The window restorations in the Chapel of the Virgin (Chapelle de la Vierge) were undertaken in 1879. 

     

Window 1 of the Chapel of the Virgin, Cathedral St. Etienne, Auxerre, France. Glass is 13th century with 19th century restoration.

Photo credit for all stained glass windows: Painton Cowen

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1_IMG_3347.JPG

Crowned Virgin Mary below the feet of Jesus Christ.  She is seated in a position that is often reserved for Jesus Christ.  She is seated with her right hand help up in blessing of the faithful.  She holds a book in her left arm.

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1-B6-IMG_9759.JPG >

A generic king of Judah.  This figure is the fifth king above the reclining figure of Jesse.  King is flanked by Daniel on the right and an unidentified prophet on the left.

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1-B5-IMG_9758.JPG>

Generic king of Judah.  This is the fourth king above Jesse.The prophet Abdias or Obadiah is on the right and Malachi is on the left. The prophet seem to show extensive restoration.

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1-B4-IMG_9757.JPG>

Prophet Ezekiel .  He is the figure to the right of the third generic King of Judah above Jesse.

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1-C3-IMG_9756.JPG>

Prophet to the left of Jesse.  I cannot identify with any certainty, perhaps Aggeus or Haggai.

<http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Auxerre/images/w1-A1-IMG_9755.JPG >

   The older Jesse Tree window at Auxerre follows the pattern of other French Jesse Tree with with static frontally posed figures that are seated and grasping the vine like Jesse Tree.  The use of red and blue is more evenly divided in this window.

References

Harry Titus, A Chronology for Auxerre Cathedral. Wake Forest University. 

http://users.wfu.edu/titus/chronology.htm 

Ulrich Knop (2003) Histoire de la restauration du choeur de la cathédrale Saint-Étienne d'Auxerre Dissertation http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/frontdoor.php?source_opus=1871&la=de